Digital Forensic Computers Forensic Forensic Models Information Technology Essay

Digital Forensic Computers Forensic Forensic Models Information Technology Essay Today the increasing number of computer and electronics components has demanded the use of Digital forensic showing that the digital forensics can be implemented in specialized fields of law enforcement, computer security, and national defense. In the information technology period, information stored in the devices are digital as mostly the institution or organization use computer storage media as compare to paper used by writers, scholars, scientists, musicians, and public figures. This gives new challenges to these concern persons related to accessing and preserving information, data recovery and maintaining trust. In this article, review of the currently available investigation processes, methodologies, different tools used by forensics experts and finally a conclusion will be done. Keywords Digital Forensic, Computer Forensic, Forensic Models, Computer Forensic Investigation, Digital Forensic Methods, Forensic Techniques, Forensic Tools Introduction Digital forensics is the branch of forensic involving the recovery and investigation of material found in digital devices due to incident of computer crime occurrence. Digital forensic is a synonym for the computer forensic in early start but today it includes other area of investigation like computer, database, and network, mobile which are capable of storing digital data. Due to much advancement in various types of technology devices, media, digital forensics has defined the sub branches according to the investigation required. One of the digital forensics branches are Computer forensics, Mobile device forensics, Network forensics, Forensic data analysis and Database forensics. Computer forensics involves the examination of the digital media stored in the computers for investigation purpose, mobile forensic is recovery of digital evidence from a mobile device, network forensic is the getting evidence related to network traffic, information gathering or evidence collection of intrusion detection, forensic data analysis is investigate the pattern of fraudulent action using structure data while the final one is database forensic is the study of databases and their metadata including the its contents, log files and in-RAM data investigation. When the computer forensic is in consideration usually three different sets of people from Law Enforcement agencies, Military, Business Industry are involved with the intention of tracking down attackers/hackers and criminals who attack the security of systems and use computers for unauthorized activities. Computer Forensic address the issues of National and Information Security, Corporate Espionage, White Collar Crime, Child Pornography, Traditional Crime, Incident Response, Employee Monitoring, Privacy Issues. In the following this paper start with investigation phases, methods and techniques and tools how this information helps the novice in the computer, network, mobile and database forensic. Forensic Methodologies à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Phases of Computer Forensic Before discussing the forensic methodologies one should be familiar with the few terms of forensic terms. One of them is forensic evidence. A brief overview of evidence, categorization, rules, standard guide, and its basic principles in order to ensure the chain of custody will be outlined. Evidence is any item or information gathered at the scene of a crime, or at related locations, which is found to be relevant to an investigation. There are many different types of evidence, from DNA and tire marks, to bloodstains and fingerprints Evidence should be Admissible, Authentic, Complete, Reliable and Believable. Evidence chain of custody protects its integrity. It can be categorized as primary (best type evidence using documentation), secondary (Oral or eye witness), direct, conclusive, circumstantial, corroborative and opinion evidence. There are guides available for Computer Based Evidence e.g. By Association of Chief Police Officers. During evidence collection following principle should be strictly followed by investigator There should be no change of data on a computer or other media taken Person should be competent while accessing original data held on a target computer Audit trail or other record of all processes applied to computer-based evidence should be created and preserved. He will ensure the law and principles of possession and access to information contained in a computer. So many forensic investigation processes have been developed till now. The objective in this paper is to make the forensic investigation process or model with common phases of forensic to perform the intended investigation as compared to others model. Few models that exist are mentioned below. Computer Forensic Investigative Process (1984) Abstract Digital Forensics Model (ADFM) (2002) Enhanced Digital Investigation Process Model (EDIP) (2004) Computer Forensics Field Triage Process Model (CFFTPM) (2006) Scientific Crime Scene Investigation Model (2001) Common Process Model for Incident and Computer Forensics (2007) Network Forensic Generic Process Model (2010) Here is the generic investigation process namely the Generic Computer Forensic Investigation Model (GCFIM) proposed in this article that share the common phases with previously developed models. Figure below, demonstrate the proposed GCFIM. Model (GCFIM).JPG Pre Process is the first phase of Generic Computer Forensic Investigation Model. In this phase the tasks are linked to other tasks that required to be completed before the investigating and collecting the official data. These tasks are having the required approval from concern authority, preparing and setting up of the tools to be utilized, etc. Acquisition and Preservation is the second phase of Generic Computer Forensic Investigation Model. In this phase tasks performed related to the acquiring and collecting evidence in acceptable manner in which concern data is together base on the accepted methods utilizing a variety of recovery techniques, then the task is identifying the digital components from the acquired evidence, and finally in this phase the tasks are transporting, storing and preserving of data such as creating a good quality case management and ensuring an acceptable chain of custody. Overall, this phase is where all concern data are captured, stored and presented for the next phase. Analysis is the third phase of Generic Computer Forensic Investigation Model. This is the core and the heart of the forensic investigation process. It has the largest part of phases including the tasks such as evidence tracing and validation, recovery of hidden or encrypted data, data mining, and timeline etc. Different types of analysis are performed on the acquired data using the appropriate tools and techniques to recognize the source of crime and eventually discovering the person accountable of the crime. Presentation is the fourth phase of Generic Computer Forensic Investigation Model. The finding from analysis phase are documented and presented to the authority with expert testimony. The documentation presented also includes the adequate and acceptable evidence in order to understand by the concern party easily. The final outcome from this phase is either to prove or disprove the alleged criminal acts. Post-Process is the last phase of Generic Computer Forensic Investigation Model. This phase concerns only the appropriate finishing of the investigation work. Digital and physical evidence should be appropriately handed over to the authorize owner and kept in secure place, if required. Finally but not the last, if there is a need to review the investigative process in each phase it should be done for the perfection of the future investigations. Challenges during Forensic Investigation There are some technical, legal, resource as well as general and specific challenges during the investigators face. Technical challenges are faced in finding the criminals over the internet; legal challenges are the result of not competitive with the currently technology, social environment and structure while the challenges in resources that the support should be available in all levels. The challenges that are faced during computer forensic in general and specific are the tools or techniques limitation from the private sector, no standard definition and agreements of computer crime, no proper background availability to perform testing, huge number of Operating System platforms and file formats due to which unavailability of experts with true titles. Other than these challenges during investigation it may take large space of memory from Gigabytes to Terabytes or even may require the storage area network. For computer forensic expert it is also challenging to have the expertise in RA ID level, embedded system along with Network and Grid computing. Forensic Tools Now in the following few of the forensic tools in the domain of computer, network, mobile, database and some others are briefly described. Reason for Using Computer Forensics Tools There are multiple reasons for choosing the computer forensics tools like systems utilized by the defendants and litigants, to recover the lost data in case of hardware or software malfunction, to investigate about the computer usage in case of employee termination or when the system is attacked by an intruder. To investigate computer crimes different computer forensic tools like disk imaging software for the file structure and hard disk content can be used, for comparing the data between original and copy Hashing tools can be used which assigns unique number for violation verification and for recovery the lost data or deleted data recovery programs can be used. Similarly software and hardware write tools can be used to reconstruct the hard drive bit by bit as these tools generate the copy of hard disk. Encase is well know commercial tool that can perform various tasks like disk imaging and verification and analysis of data while PC Inspector File Recovery is a free tool helps in revealing and recovering the contents stored in any type of storage media that is connected with the computer even if the content is deleted. Network forensics Network forensics deals with the capture, recording or analysis of network events in order to discover evidential information about the source of security attacks in a court of law. There is a tool known as eMailTrackerPro that can track down the sender message by detecting the IP address in the header. If there is a need to view all information like IP address, country information or domain information SmartWhoIs can be used as free available network utility. To perform the web forensic famously known tool Mandiant Web Historian can help forensic examiner to verify how the intruders looked into the different sites by reviewing the history files of web site. Other tool Index.dat can be used to view the browsing history, the cookies and the cache as it gives the critical information about a cookie like its key-value pair, the website address associated with the cookie, the date/time the cookie was first created and last accessed and etc. Ethereal is network packet analyzer, WinPcap is the packet capture tool used to capture the packets and AirPcap is the packet capture tool for the IEEE 802.11b/g Wireless LAN interfaces. Mobile Forensics Mobile forensics as the name implies is to investigate data from mobile device for evidence purpose regardless of the mobile system of GSM / GPRS / WIFI technology. Investigator concentrate on either call data or SMS/Email data with the help of different commercial, non commercial, open source, command line or physical mobile forensic tools. The forensics process for mobile devices differ in these three main categories: seizure, acquisition, and examination/analysis while other aspects of the computer forensic process still apply. Some Commercial Forensic Tools include AccessDatas MPE+, FINALMobile Forensics by FINALDATA, Oxygen Forensic Suite, while Open source tools include iPhone Analyzer, the Mobile Internal Acquisition Tool, and TULP2G plug-ins. Performing mobile forensic using command line System commands, AT modem commands and Unix command dd can be used. Database Forensic Tools used for database forensic are ACL, Idea and Arbutus as it is the forensic study of databases and their metadata. These tools record action in the documented form about the forensic expert on the database as he uses database contents, log files and in-RAM data. Still there is need to do research in this field to perform database forensic that demands skill experts. Conclusion The information provided in this article helps the reader with basic understanding of digital forensic and its branches with the aim to do further research in specific area of this field. Different Forensic methodologies are outlined in order to give the choice to forensic expert to choose this methodology or design his own process model. Further the different tools especially the open source one can enhance the forensic expert skills. Today the technology is advancing very rapidly and developing skills in multiple areas enhances the professional career and money value of the individual.

An Observation of My Friend Essay -- Profile Essays, Observation Essay

Sunday - the day of self-loathing for most college students who have squandered their weekends and dread the awaiting workload. Crammed into lounge booths, commiserating over brunch, students nurse sullen moods and hangovers with orange juice and french toast. Allen Wilcox is playing with his broccoli, head cocked, eyes crossed. Looking sidelong to make sure that people are watching, he picks up the half-bagel from his plate, thick with cream cheese, stands up on his chair and rubs it erotically all over the front of his pants. This is so typical. Allen’s world is a stage and the spotlight is on him. We are, all of us, the audience for his life-series of mini-dramas packed with love and heartbreak, pranks and partying and outbreaks of rage. His behavior may be juvenile, but most of us would rather say it is something outlandish, or playful, or just simply and extravagantly histrionic. Allen makes people laugh and sometimes speaks beautifully (did you know that he writes poetry?). This is the same young man who, last summer, kicked a hole through both layers of sheet rock in the ho...

Dear John, Book vs Movie

Author Nicholas Sparks added to his list of best sellers with the novel Dear John. Dear John is a love story, love stories make big money in movie form, so the novels are popular to make into a movie. Books and movies are two forms of entertainment that are closely related and we overlook the differences among them. There are many similarities between the two, but there are also major differences. If one has never read a novel and then watched the movie version of the novel they may not have experienced this comparison and contrast to the the two forms Even though Dear John contains similarieties and differences the message still remains the same.. Love. The first major contrast is that each form has a different author. Nicholas Sparks wrote the novel and Jamie Linden turned the novel into a screenplay which was then directed by Lasse Hallstrom. Sparks has written both the novel and screenplays for some of his other works but turned the screenplay writing over to Jamie Linden for this project. When there is a separate author on the novel and screenplay the initial story is almost certain to be written differently based on the second authors interpretation of the original authors work. In some instances there is a third interpretation with a director of the movie. A lot can go wrong when the original story is interpreted differently by the author that writes the screenplay and a director that then directs. Michael O’ Sullivan of The Washington Post, wrote in a review of the movie, â€Å"I think our relationship is in trouble†. O’ Sullivan is trying to get across to the reader of this article that the movie’s story has problems and disappoints him as a viewer. A. O. Scott of the NY Times reports that â€Å"Jamie Linden is careful to respect the vague, whispery tones of Mr. Spark’s writing† but â€Å"did however, change the books ending in a way that both deepens and blunts its impact†. The author of the book or movie explains themes, symbols, and the main plot in different ways. Movies may be easier for the audiences to visualize the story, but, books may leave room for readers to use their own imagination. Ending change is another major contast of these two forms of Dear John. The book version The author of the book or movie explains themes, symbols, and the main plot in different ways. Movies may be easier for the audiences to visualize the story, but, books may leave room for readers to use their own imagination.

Use of the Word Analogies in the ESL Classroom

Use of the Word Analogies in the ESL Classroom Using words analogies is a useful way of building vocabulary. Word analogies can be created using many different categories. Here is a simple example of a word analogy: Hot is to cold as up is to down OR hot - cold | up - down This is an example of a word analogy using antonyms. Here are a number of word analogies in a wide variety of categories.   Word Analogies: Antonyms or Opposites hot - cold | up - downblack - white | happy - sadlaugh - cry | rich - poorcrazy - sane | large - small Word Analogies: Relationships Expressing a Part of the Whole eye - head | finger - handcent - dollar | inch - footeraser - pencil | CPU - computerwheel - car | sink - plumbing Word Analogies: Relationships Between Numbers one - two | two - four1/2 - 1 | 10 - 20six - thirty-six | two - four100 - 1,000 | 1,000 - 10,000 Word Analogies: Sequences breakfast - lunch | morning - afternoonMonday - Tuesday | AM - PMwork - earn | plant - harvestleave - arrive | get up - go to sleep Word Analogies: Objects and Their Uses (noun - verb) pen - write | food - eatlawn - mow | coffee - drinksugar - sweeten | ball - throwbutton - push | letter - mail Word Analogies: Objects and Their Users (thing - person) library - student | computer - programmercar - driver | piano - musicianbrush - painter | football - quarterbackdoll - child | cell phone - teenager Word Analogies: Grammatical Relationships I - me | He - himdrive - driven | fly - flownto think - thinking | to shout - shoutingsome - any | already - yet Word Analogies: Group Relationships student - class | member - clubplayer - team | representative - congressjudge - court | policeman - police forceviolin player - orchestra | teller - bank Word Analogies: Cause and Effect (adjective - verb) thirsty - drink | tired - sleepdirty - wash | funny - laughwet - dry | hot - cool downcurious - ask | sad - cry

Black Feminism in Britain essays

Black Feminism in Britain essays Black feminism in Britain is a very strong issue. This topic could be addressed in so many ways, so I decided to address the issue through others writings. Black women have been pressing the issue of equality for a very long time now, and being black women presents a two -fold issue on equality. Being Black automatically make you a minority and being a woman takes away from your standpoint even more. This is why Hazel Carby feels that being just a feminist is nit enough; there are more issues than those that are addressed by whit feminist for the black woman. Hazel Cardys article " White Woman Listen! Black Feminism and the Boundaries of Sisterhood," examines the way in which feminist revisionist history has reconstructed itself by appropriating the power of privilege of the historiography in order to marginalize black women in their absences and misrepresent them in their presence. In my view, it is precisely the incorporation of feminism in the worlds system and power. The concern is not one with the feminist theory and more with the misuse and abuse of black women in Britain. Black women in Britain have had a lot of battles to fight to get to where they are today, and even today they are still not equal with men in society. The black women of Britain had to not only endure migration, but hey had to also endure loosing high education positions for lower paying jobs and many had to leave their families and come to Britain alone. They did come to Britain for the fast cars and big cities; these women came over to make a living so that their families could survive. They thought that they were coming to the land of opportunity, but when they arrived in Britain they were in for a rude awakening. There the push and pull factor that is present in this situation. In the Caribbean there were little to no jobs available and that is the push factor, the pull factor is that in Britain there were many jobs opening up for the people. ...

The History of Potato Chips

The History of Potato Chips Legend has it that the potato chip was born out of a tiff between a little-known cook and one of the wealthiest people in American history.   The incident was alleged to have taken place  on August 24, 1853.  George Crum, who was  half African and half native American, was working as a cook at a resort in  Saratoga Springs, New York at the time. During his shift, a disgruntled customer kept sending back an order of french fries, complaining that they were too thick. Frustrated, Crum prepared a new batch using potatoes that were sliced paper thin and fried to a crisp. Surprisingly, the customer, who happened to be railroad tycoon Cornelius Vanderbilt,  loved it. However, that version of events was contradicted by his sister Kate Speck  Wicks. In fact, no official accounts ever proved that Crum claimed to have invented the potato chip. But in Wicks obituary, it was stated flatly that she first invented and fried the famous Saratoga Chips, also known as potato chips.  Besides that, the first popular reference to potato chips can be found in the novel A Tale Of Two Cities, written by Charles Dickens. In it, he refers to them as â€Å"husky chips of potatoes.† In any case, potato chips did not gain widespread popularity until the 1920s. Around that time,  an  entrepreneur from California named  Laura Scudder  began selling chips in wax paper bags that were sealed with a warm iron in order to  reduce crumbling while keeping the chips fresh and crisp. Over time, the innovative packaging method allowed for the first time the mass production and distribution of potato chips, which began in 1926.  Today, chips are packaged in plastic bags and pumped with nitrogen gas to extend the products shelf life. The process also helps prevent the chips from getting crushed. During the 1920s, an American businessman from North Carolina named  Herman Lay began selling  potato chips out of the trunk of his car to grocers across the south. By 1938, Lay was so successful that his  Lays brand chips went into mass production and eventually became the  first successfully marketed national brand. Among the companys biggest contributions is the introduction of a crinkle-cut Ruffled chips product that tended to be  sturdier and thus less prone to breakage.   It wasnt until the 1950s though that stores started carrying potato chips in various flavors.  This was all thanks to Joe Spud Murphy, the owner of an Irish chip company named Tayto.  He developed a technology that allowed seasoning to be added during the cooking process. The first seasoned potato chip products came in two flavors:  Cheese Onion and Salt Vinegar. Pretty soon, several companies would express interest in securing the rights to Taytos technique.  Ã‚   In 1963, Lay’s Potato Chips left a memorable mark on the countrys cultural consciousness  when the company hired advertising company Young Rubicam to come up with the popular trademark slogan  Betcha can’t eat just one.†Ã‚  Soon sales went international with a marketing campaign that featured celebrity  actor Bert Lahr in a series of commercials in which he played various historical figures such as George Washington, Ceasar, and Christopher Columbus.

Juvenile Justice Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Juvenile Justice - Coursework Example Due to this difference in opinion, people has not yet arrived to the real definition of this kind of behavior as they do not understand it better. Some theorists gave out their opinion concerning this matter of delinquency saying that one of the major factors that they think formed the basis for delinquency was a combination of both peer and the socio-economic conditions. (b) Did it help make real some of the issues addressed in our text? A sample test or experiment was carried out by some of the two individuals whose interests were aimed at finding the real cause of delinquency because they found it more common in children. In their study or experiment, they used over 338 children of which they found out that there were three causes of delinquency, one being the relationship between the children and their parents. This was termed as one of the key cause because they realized that most of the parents do not punish their children even if they commit a serious offence or mistake. Secon dly, is the peer pressure that they define as involvement in bad companies that end up misleading some of the youths. The kind of punishment mentioned in the first cause result does not necessarily mean that it is the main cause but just an action that can help in controlling delinquency. (c) Are you hopeful for the next generation of young people? The control statuses expected of parents are not just to punish but also to reward and appreciate any good thing done by our children. Juvenile as one of the issues of concern in today’s world, has various definitions depend on how one understands it. This is a matter of concern because it does not affect the adults but children who are believed to be the leaders of tomorrow. This behavior is not always common on adult but in some rare cases. Various experts concerning the issue gave out various methods but all fell in vain, as people did not still know the real meaning of delinquency and some of the effects that were associated wi th it. A large number that fall victim to this kind of behavior are children who are still under the umbrella of their parents. This is one of the reasons as to why a large amount of victims comes out from this bracket of children. Children are still weak in a number of ways for they do not also understand the real meaning of life and some of its aspects which could be either negative or positive. Wong is also one of the researchers concerning this issue, gave out his results that delinquency is brought about by so many things or activities that one involve himself in. He says that the basis of this kind of behavior is idleness or lack of a constructive work that can keep one busy. He also defines some of the human activities and relates them to this kind of behavior. As per his perception and finding, there are long term activities that one may involve himself in and those that are referred to as short term activities. The short term activities are those that are always of benefit to the person who involves in it. One of these short term activities is smoking. From this example, Wong also says that those who involve in long term activities do not always fall victims to delinquency as they are focused and have dreams of which they intend to realize in life. In very many nations, this issue is always a big problem as they did not have ideal ways of dealing with or curbing this